401–402. "[198][199] When one of the Shah's courtiers suggested launching a campaign to award him the Nobel Peace Prize, he wrote on the margin: "If they beg us, we might accept. [32] Reza Khan often impressed on his son his belief that history was made by great men such as himself, and that a real leader is an autocrat. He was committed to nationalising the Iranian petroleum industry controlled by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) (as Anglo-Persian Oil Company, or APOC, had become). Zahedi's son Ardeshir acted as the contact between the CIA and his father. After that event, the Shah again sought the support of Egyptian president Anwar El-Sadat, who renewed his offer of permanent asylum in Egypt to the ailing monarch. [298] Mohammad Reza in the letters he sent to Paris declared he wanted to see Soraya one last time as well, but said that the Empress Farah could not be present, which presented some complications as Farah was continually by his deathbed.[299]. [153] When Farah found out about his affairs in 1973, Alam blamed the prime minister Amir Abbas Hoveyda while the Shah thought it was the KGB. He took a number of other major measures, including extending suffrage to women and the participation of workers in factories through shares and other measures. Builders were carrying out construction work at a Shia shrine in Tehran when they found the body amid a pile of rubble. During his second exile, Mohammad Reza travelled from country to country seeking what he hoped would be temporary residence. On 15 September 1965, Mohammad Reza was granted the title of Aryamehr ('Light of the Aryans') by an extraordinary session of the joint Houses of Parliament.[343]. [269], In October 1971, Mohammad Reza celebrated the twenty-five-hundredth anniversary of the Iranian monarchy; The New York Times reported that $100 million was spent on the celebration. He warned Iran's government "against any secrecy or lack of transparency" in its handling of the body. [137] Relations with the victor of the 1960 election, the Democrat John F. Kennedy, were not friendly. Do we want nuclear power stations? [130] An investigation by the British embassy soon uncovered the reason why: Mohammad Reza wanted to bed the wife of the Siemens sales agent for Iran, and the Siemens agent had consented to allowing his wife to sleep with the Shah in exchange for winning back the contract that he had just lost. [223][224], As nationwide protests and strikes swept Iran, the court found it impossible to get decisions from Mohammad Reza, as he became utterly passive and indecisive, content to spend hours listlessly staring into space as he rested by the Caspian Sea while the revolution raged. Mohammad Reza was born along with his twin sister, Ashraf. How can they be of assistance? All political personalities who had suffered disgrace during his father's reign were rehabilitated, and the forced unveiling policy inaugurated by his father in 1935 was overturned. [62] The main Soviet interest in 1941 was to ensure political stability to ensure Allied supplies, which meant accepting the throne. He continued on to repeat "Iran is Iran" over and over. [187] Mohammad Reza, who always feared the prospect of a Soviet invasion, welcomed the Sino-Soviet war and the resulting reduction of Red Army divisions along the Soviet-Iranian border as giving him more room internationally. His programmes included projects in technologies such as steel, telecommunications, petrochemical facilities, power plants, dams and the automobile industry. The Shah later met with French physicians in 1976 in Zurich who were disturbed by the Shah's abnormal blood count. [167] During the French trip, Queen Farah, who shared her husband's love of French culture and language, befriended the culture minister André Malraux, who arranged for the exchange of cultural artifacts between French and Iranian museums and art galleries, a policy that remained a key component of Iran's cultural diplomacy until 1979. Mohammad Reza lost support from the Shi'a clergy of Iran and the working class due to alleged corruption related to himself and the royal family, suppression of political dissent via Iran's intelligence agency, SAVAK (including the arrest of up to 3,200 political prisoners), widespread torture and imprisonment of political dissidents,[8] banishment of the Tudeh Party, U.S. and UK support for his regime, his modernization policies, laïcité or secularism, conflict with wealthy merchants known as bazaaris, relations with Israel, and clashes with leftists and Islamists. The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution, Abbas Milani, pp. [45], In a 1957 study compiled by the U.S. State Department, Mohammad Reza was praised for his "growing maturity" and no longer needing "to seek advice at every turn" as the previous 1951 study had concluded. Kermit Roosevelt returned to Iran on 13 July 1953, and again on 1 August 1953, in his first meeting with the king. Previous royal consorts had been known as "Malakeh" (Arabic: Malika), or Queen. [44] Mohammad Reza lost his virginity to a maid who worked at Le Rosey in 1935. She is the only child of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his first wife Princess Fawzia Fuad. There were several instances where army units had opened fire, the most significant being the events on 8 September 1978. Overall in the centre is a circle depicting Mount Damavand with a rising sun, the symbol of the Pahlavi dynasty. Subsequent to his succession as king, Iran became a major conduit for British and, later, American aid to the USSR during the war. [63], Much of the credit for orchestrating a smooth transition of power from the King to the Crown Prince was due to the efforts of Mohammad Ali Foroughi. [287], On 22 October 1979, President Jimmy Carter reluctantly allowed the Shah into the United States to undergo surgical treatment at the New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center. President Carter did not wish to admit Mohammad Reza to the U.S. but came under pressure from many quarters, with Henry Kissinger phoning Carter to say he would not endorse the SALT II treaty that Carter had just signed with the Soviet Union unless the former Shah was allowed into the United States, reportedly prompting Carter more than once to hang up his phone in rage in the Oval Office and shout "Fuck the Shah!". Congress would have tolerated no such commitment; the public would not have supported it. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, pp. [38], After becoming Crown Prince, Mohammad Reza was taken away from his mother and sisters to be given a "manly education" by officers selected by his father, who also ordered that everyone including his mother and siblings were to address the Crown Prince as "Your Highness". In 1969, Mohammad Reza sent one of 73 Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages to NASA for the historic first lunar landing. Mohammad Reza 's third and final wife was Farah Diba (born 14 October 1938), the only child of Sohrab Diba, a captain in the Imperial Iranian Army (son of an Iranian ambassador to the Romanov Court in St. Petersburg, Russia), and his wife, the former Farideh Ghotbi. [178] Iraq threatened war over the Iranian move, but when on 24 April 1969 an Iranian tanker escorted by Iranian warships sailed down the Shatt al-Arab without paying tolls, Iraq, being the militarily weaker state, did nothing. It also stated that a document submitted to the ministry of justice, in protest of the royal family's activity in many sectors of the nation's economy, detailed the Pahlavis dominating role in the economy of Iran. Reza lật đổ vị quốc vương cuối cùng của nhà Qajar, Ahmad Shah Qajar, và sáng lập ra nhà Pahlavi. However, he and his supporters argued that the celebrations opened new investments in Iran, improved relationships with the other leaders and nations of the world, and provided greater recognition of Iran. During his 38-year rule, Iran spent billions on industry, education, health, and armed forces and enjoyed economic growth rates exceeding the United States, England, and France. The focus was on the Shah's cancerous spleen, grotesquely swollen to 20 times normal. [82], A qualified pilot, Mohammad Reza was fascinated with flying and the technical details of aeroplanes, and any insult to him was always an attempt to "clip my wings". Attentively following his life in exile, Mohammad Reza would object to his father's treatment to British at any opportunity. Also buried there is Farouk of Egypt, Mohammad Reza's former brother-in-law. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several other titles, including that of Aryamehr ("Light of the Aryans") and Bozorg Arteshtaran ("Commander-in-Chief"). [333][334] Despite these charges, in his book Answer to History, Pahlavi affirms that he "never made the slightest profit" out of the Foundation. [115] Mohammad Reza tried very hard to co-opt the supporters of the National Front by adopting some of their rhetoric and addressing their concerns, for example declaring in several speeches his concerns about the Third World economic conditions and poverty which prevailed in Iran, a matter that had not much interested him before. Juli 1944), allgemein bekannt als Reza Shah , war vom 15.Dezember 1925 bis zu seiner Abdankung der Schah des Iran durch die anglo-sowjetische Invasion des Iran am 16. [116], Mohammad Reza was determined to copy Mosaddegh, who had won popularity by promising broad socio-economic reforms, and wanted to create a mass powerbase as he did not wish to depend upon the traditional elites, who only wanted him as a legitimising figurehead. [153] Milani further wrote that "Alam, in his most destructive moments of sycophancy, reassured the Shah—or his "master" as he calls him—that country was prosperous and no one begrudged the King a bit of fun". [15] His father was born in Alasht, Savadkuh County, Māzandarān Province. "[84], Mohammad Reza often spoke of women as sexual objects who existed only to gratify him, which led to his 1973 exchange with Fallaci, who vehemently objected to his attitudes towards women. [165] Reflecting his self-proclaimed socialist tendencies, though unions were illegal, but the Shah brought in labour laws that were "surprising fair to workers". Everyday they a beat a track to our door begging for favors. [338], Mohammad Reza's wealth remained considerable during his time in exile. [1] [53], Mohammad Reza's marriage to Fawzia produced one child, a daughter, Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi (born 27 October 1940). Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Persian: محمدرضا پهلوی, pronounced [mohæmˈmæd reˈzɒː pæhlæˈviː]; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980),[1] also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (محمدرضا شاه), was the last Shah (King) of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow in the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. [45], Mohammad Reza was the first Iranian prince in line for the throne to be sent abroad to attain a foreign education and remained there for the next four years before returning to obtain his high school diploma in Iran in 1936. Or placed in the mausoleum of neighboring Shah Abdolazim? You must never yield to anxiety or despair; rather, you must remain calm and so strongly rooted in your place that no power may hope to move the constancy of your will. Of course, Your Majesty. [117] In 1955, Mohammad Reza dismissed General Zahedi from his position as prime minister and appointed his archenemy, the technocrat Hossein Ala' as prime minister, whom he in turn dismissed in 1957. [241] Milani wrote that Mohamad Reza's view of the revolution as a gigantic conspiracy organised by foreign powers suggested that there was nothing wrong with Iran, and the millions of people demonstrating against him were just dupes being used by foreigners, a viewpoint that did not encourage concessions and reforms until it was too late. The Shah was the first regional leader to recognise the State of Israel as a de facto state. Multiple recommendations urged the Shah to seek treatment in the United States. Mohammad Reza considered himself to be a socialist, saying he was "more socialist and revolutionary than anyone". Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, p. 395. Born in Tehran to Reza Pahlavi and his second wife, Tadj ol-Molouk, Mohammad Reza was the eldest son of the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty, and the third of his eleven children. The Aryamehr University of Technology was established as a major new academic institution. She was born into a prosperous Iranian Azerbaijani–Gilak family whose fortunes were diminished after her father's early death. Despite his public professions of admiration in later years, Mohammad Reza had serious misgivings about not only the coarse and roughshod political means adopted by his father, but also his unsophisticated approach to affairs of state. His father, a former Brigadier-General of the Persian Cossack Brigade, was Mazandarani origin. The mausoleum was also a place of visitation for foreign heads of state who came to Iran. On May 8, 1951, Reza Shah's Imperial funeral took place in Ray, in which Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then Shahanshah (Emperor), along with the entire Pahlavi family, many ministers and Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh, participated. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, (born October 26, 1919, Tehrān, Iran—died July 27, 1980, Cairo, Egypt), shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, who maintained a pro-Western foreign policy and fostered economic development in Iran. Opposition against him grew tremendously. Only one of the shots hit the king, grazing his cheek. The Armed Forces were also engaged in infrastructural and other educational projects throughout the country "Sepāh-e Tarvij va Ābādāni" (Persian: سپاه ترویج و آبادانی lit. Islamic custom demands that all bodies be treated with respect but Iranian authorities will also be wary of allowing it to become a rallying point for opposition groups. Gangs with clubs, knives, and rocks controlled the streets, overturning Tudeh trucks and beating up anti-Shah activists. The Crown Prince confided in amazement to the British Minister that Foroughi "hardly expected any son of Reza Shah to be a civilized human being",[65] but Foroughi successfully derailed thoughts by the Allies to undertake a more drastic change in the political infrastructure of Iran. Upon graduating, Mohammad Reza was quickly promoted to the rank of Captain, a rank which he kept until he became Shah. [86][90] The Tudeh were nonetheless blamed and persecuted. And the people, as the people of Rey can not bear the thought that the body of such a man is so close to the mausoleum of Shah Abdol-Azim". The architectural style was inspired by the tomb of Les Invalides in Paris, where Napoléon rests. "All the rumours on the social media that claim this mummified body belongs to Reza Shah are false and void of any truth," he said. He was offered treatment in Switzerland, but insisted on treatment in the United States. He stated in part, "we pray the Almighty God to guide mankind towards ever increasing success in the establishment of culture, knowledge and human civilisation". [228], The Shah-centred command structure of the Iranian military, and the lack of training to confront civil unrest, was marked by disaster and bloodshed. [57], The Iranian-American historian Abbas Milani wrote about the relationship between the Reza Khan and the Crown Prince: "As his father's now constant companion, the two men consulted on virtually every decision". [250] On 7 December 1978, it was announced that President Carter of the U.S., President Giscard d'Estaing of France, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of West Germany and Prime Minister James Callaghan of the United Kingdom would meet in Guadeloupe on 5 January 1979 to discuss the crisis in Iran. [27] A tough, fierce, and very ambitious soldier who became the first Persian to command the elite Russian-trained Cossack Brigade, Reza Khan liked to kick subordinates in the groin who failed to follow his orders; growing up under his shadow, Mohammad Reza was a deeply scarred and insecure boy who lacked self-confidence. Milani noted that neither admitted it was the Shah's "crass infidelities" that caused this issue. [209] He also sought to hold the 1984 Summer Olympics in Tehran. [48] Perron lived in Iran until his death in 1961 and as the best friend of Mohammad Reza was a man of considerable behind-the-scenes power. The Shah's appearance was stunningly worse ... Clearly he had obstructive jaundice. Oktober 1919 mit seiner Zwillingsschwester Aschraf als drittes von elf Kindern in Teheran zur Welt. 2,500 years of continuous Persian monarchy, people killed by the Shah and his military during the revolution, 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire, Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini, Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution, rotating member of the UN Security Council, List of titles and honours of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran, Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II, "Historic Personalities of Iran: Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi", "March, 15, 1976 A.D.: Iran Switches To Imperial Calendar", "Torture still scars Iranians 40 years after revolution", "The Iranian revolution—A timeline of events", "Iran's Black Friday: Massacre of Thousands in 1978", "Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran", "First Party of Iran's 2,500‐Year Celebration", United States Army Center of Military History, "Premier Quits as Iran Speeds Nationalization of Oil Fields", "Message to the Prime Minister of Iran Following the Breakdown of Oil Discussions With Great Britain", "In declassified document, CIA acknowledges role in '53 Iran coup", "Princess Soraya, 69, Shah's Wife Whom He Shed for Lack of Heir", "The 5 Most Precarious US Allies of All Time", America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century, Opposition to Mohammad Reza Shah's Regime, "Amnesty International Annual Report 1974-1975", "40 Years Ago Richard Nixon Strengthens Persian Ally", Ten Things the US needs to learn from Iran's Islamic Revolution, "Dr. Michael Debakey Describes the Shah's Surgery and Predicts a Long Life for Him", "The death of an emperor – Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and his political cancer", "A Criminal As The Successor To Khamenei? We Came in Peace for all Mankind- the Untold Story of the Apollo 11 Silicon Disc.
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