The I IV V IV harmonic progression, so common in Cuban music, is heard in pop music all across the African continent, thanks to the influence of Cuban music. [59] Clave is written in this way in the following example in order to illustrate the underlying metric structure of four main beats, which is fundamental to the dynamism of the pattern.[60]. After the boatlift though, there was obviously more awareness of the modern Cuban styles. [88] The young boogaloo upstarts were outselling their older counterparts. "Poncho Sanchez, Latin Jazz, and the Cuban Son: A Stylistic and Social Analysis.". Music author Isabelle Leymarie notes that salsa performers often incorporate machoistic bravado (guapería) in their lyrics, in a manner reminiscent of calypso and samba, a theme she ascribes to the performers' "humble backgrounds" and subsequent need to compensate for their origins. The Cuban origins of the music do not conveniently fit into the pan-Latino narrative. Sublette, Ned: Cuba and its music. Hutchinson 2004, p. 116. "[114] Since the mid-1990s African artists have also been very active through the super-group Africando, where African and New York musicians mix with leading African singers such as Bambino Diabate, Ricardo Lemvo, Ismael Lo and Salif Keita. [64] By the time salsa emerged in the 1970s, there was already a second generation of clave savvy composers and arrangers working in New York. Nevertheless, some people today include Cuban groups in the salsa category. The demise of the USSR (Cuba's major economic mainstay) in 1991 forced Cuba to encourage tourism to attract sorely needed foreign currency. Bobby Sanabria: "The concept of utilizing 3-2 and 2-3 as a terminology developed in New York City. Der Unterschied besteht nun im Interesse an diesem Thema und darin, was tatsächlich auf der Insel im Vergleich zu vor 10 Jahren verfügbar ist. The bands that were playing in Havana had meanwhile been steadily evolving into something quite distinctly Cuban, and less like salsa. Kleine Gruppen und flexible Angebote, mit den für mich absolut besten Tanz Trainern, die ich kenne, … For these reasons, the form sometimes has been derided as salsa monga (limp or flaccid salsa), as opposed to salsa gorda or salsa dura (fat or 'hard salsa').Omar Alfanno is probably the most prolific songwriter in the salsa romántica genre he was hand held into the business by Salsa Dura songwriter Johnny Ortiz. [15] She cites the first use in this manner to a Venezuelan radio DJ named Phidias Danilo Escalona;[15][20] In 1955 Cheo Marquetti created a new band called Conjunto Los Salseros and recorded some new songs (Sonero and Que no muera el son). If you want to know how to dance bachata, you may not know that, although bachata is a unique style of dance, there are different trends and evolutions of original dance style in the world, such as Dominican bachata, sensual bachata, modern bachata and so on, and even countless names and possible combinations. Among its fundamental Hispanic components are the vocal style, lyrical metre and the primacy of the tres, derived from the Spanish guitar. Giro, Radamés:Los motivos del son. Some of the founding salsa artists were Johnny Pacheco (the creator of the Fania All-Stars), Celia Cruz, Rubén Blades, Richie Ray, Bobby Cruz, Ray Barretto, Willie Colón, Larry Harlow, Roberto Roena, Bobby Valentín, Eddie Palmieri, and Héctor Lavoe. Louie Ramirez has been called "the Quincy Jones of Salsa". LEO.org: Your online dictionary for English-German translations. [27][28], The salsa conflict can be summarized as a disagreement between those who do not recognize salsa as anything other than Cuban music with another name,[15][26] and those who strongly identify with salsa as a music and culture distinct from its Cuban primogenitor.[26]. Díaz Ayala, Cristóbal: Discografía de la Música Cubana. [citation needed] Neither the dance, nor the music caught on outside of Cuba. The pachanga was popularized by Orquesta Sublime and other Cuban charangas. Morales writes that "While many Afro-Cuban music purists continue to claim that salsa is a mere variation on Cuba's musical heritage, the hybridizing experience the music went through in New York from the 1920s on incorporated influences from many different branches of the Latin American tradition, and later from jazz, R&B, and even rock." Some songs, especially English ones originating in the United States, are at times impossible to place in clave. Darunter versteht man beim Salsa den Zeitpunkt in der Musik an dem ein Richt… Unexpectedly, a fifth member of the quartet is mentioned, Carlos Godínez, who was a soldier in the standing army (Ejército Permanente). Additionally, genres of the later 1940s such as mambo manifest many characteristics derived from son. John Storm Roberts states: "It was the Cuban connection, but increasingly also New York salsa, that provided the major and enduring influences—the ones that went deeper than earlier imitation or passing fashion. [113] The Senegalese band Orchestra Baobab plays in a basic salsa style with congas and timbales, but with the addition of Wolof and Mandinka instruments and lyrics. "Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz." Necesito mis gafas para poder ver. The first measure of clave is considered "strong", contradicting the meter with three cross beats and generating a sense of forward momentum. [5] The adjective soneado refers to songs and styles which incorporate the tempo and syncopation of the son, or even its montunos. The dilution of Afro-Cuban rhythmic principles created problems for some. Were the pattern to be suddenly reversed, the rhythm would be destroyed as in a reversing of one magnet within a series ... the patterns are held in place according to both the internal relationships between the drums and their relationship with clave ... Should the [music] fall out of clave the internal momentum of the rhythm will be dissipated and perhaps even broken.[71]. Die Salsa ist ein moderner Gesellschaftstanz aus Lateinamerika, der paarweise oder in der Gruppe getanzt wird. Formell fused American pop with clave-based Cuban elements. Thus, other types of popular Cuban music and other Latin styles of music continue using the essential style of the son. The two bands were the main proponents of NY-style Mozambique, drew inspiration from the classic Cuban composers, and Afro-Cuban folkloric rhythms, while pushing the limits of salsa, and incorporating jazz elements. Boggs, Vernon W., ed. The guaracheros and rumberos who used to play with the tiple and the guiro finally met other rumberos who sang and danced accompanied by the wooden box (cajón) and the Cuban clave, and the result was the fusion of both styles in a new genre called son. That bell arrangement became the standard for timba, which emerged at the end of the 1980s. Prior to the founding of Libre, they had played in one of Palmieri's most experimental salsa bands. They were put together for touring outside of Cuba. Local genres were already well established by this time. Additionally, as a result of the increasing popularity of big band music and in an effort to increase revenues, the recording industry focused on producing newer types of music and essentially removing son from their music repertoires. [83], A section of layered, contrapuntal horn guajeos is also referred to sometimes as a moña. Editorial Corripio C. por A., República Dominicana, 1994. However, the development of Salsa Cubana is drastically different. [62] The single tone coinciding with the third stroke of clave is known as ponche, an important syncopated accent. The contemporary Cuban bassist, composer and arranger Alain Pérez flatly states: "In Cuba we do not use that 2-3, 3-2 formula ... 2-3, 3-2 [is] not used in Cuba. Service Department serwis@kross.pl In Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods, six righteous Saiyans hold hands in a circle and transfer their kiinto the Saiyan who is becoming the Saiyan God. Man spricht auch vereinfacht nur vom Son. Of the final five notes in the module, the first four are [offbeats]; the final D4 is on the [last quarter-note] in the second measure of the module. Mongo Santamaria: "Don't tell me about 3-2 or 2-3! After this process, a blue fiery aura will appear throughout the circle, signifying the ritual is working. The expression of the 2-3 onbeat/offbeat motif is more abstract in this guajeo than in others previous mentioned. It's a name that everyone could pronounce. [91] The Manhattan-based recording company Fania Records introduced many of the first-generation salsa singers and musicians to the world. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. In November 1995, Compay recorded a new version in Madrid for his Antología, released on CD … She became known as the Queen of Salsa. [49] Just as a keystone holds an arch in place, the clave pattern holds the rhythm together. Even so, salsa caught on in many African countries, especially in the Senegambia and Mali. [11] The addition of a rhythm section composed of percussion instruments such as the bongó and the botija/marímbula gave rise to the first son groups proper. [100] As salsa grew and flourished in other countries, removed by both time and space from the New York epicenter, it adopted local sensibilities and drifted away from its Afro-Cuban moorings. Once the audience is clapping clave along with him, Palmieri will sit back down at the piano and proceed to take his solo. That is how people learn Cuban music outside Cuba"—Timba.com 2002. ... Amazing 6 and 7 year old ‘Salsa’ dancers! "Music and Nation. [108] The Encyclopedia of Africa v. 1. states: Beginning in the 1940s, Afro-Cuban [son] groups such as Septeto Habanero and Trio Matamoros gained widespread popularity in the Congo region as a result of airplay over Radio Congo Belge, a powerful radio station based in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa DRC). It begins with an offbeat pick-up on the pulse immediately before beat 1. Motivated primarily by economic factors, Fania's push for countries throughout Latin America to embrace salsa did result in an expanded market. [109], Congolese bands started doing Cuban covers and singing the lyrics phonetically. '", Gerard 1989, p. 7. The trombone Moña consists of two parts, a call-and-response structure. The number of salsa bands, both in New York and elsewhere, increased dramatically, as did salsa-oriented radio stations and record labels. [22], Sanabria's Latin New York magazine was an English language publication. In his chapter "La Clave" (pp. By the early 1980s a generation of New York City musicians had come of age playing both salsa dance music and jazz. Popularization began in earnest with the arrival of radio broadcasting in 1922, which came at the same time as Havana's reputation as an attraction for Americans evading Prohibition laws. [35] It was common practice for salsa bands to resurrect pre-salsa Cuban classics. [51][52][53][54][55] Son and rumba clave can be played in either a triple-pulse (128 or 68) or duple-pulse (44, 24 or 22) structure. "Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz." My ears perked right up when I heard Gwen say the words "summer sausage" - much like Elliott's does when AD or I say the word "treat". This is old music.' My girlfriend can dance the salsa. Chicago Review Press, Inc., 2004, p. 335. However, as Gerhard Kubik points out, performers of African popular music do not necessarily perceive these progressions in the same way: "The harmonic cycle of C-F-G-F [I-IV-V-IV] prominent in Congo/Zaire popular music simply cannot be defined as a progression from tonic to subdominant to dominant and back to subdominant (on which it ends) because in the performer's appreciation they are of equal status, and not in any hierarchical order as in Western music."[112]. [23], In the Havana neighborhoods, the son groups played in any possible format they could gather and most of them were semi-professional. [56] Salsa uses duple-pulse son clave almost exclusively. See 3 authoritative translations of Viva in English with example sentences, phrases and audio pronunciations. Sublette, Ned: Cuba and its music. The influx of Cuban musicians had more of an impact on jazz than salsa. [12] Nonetheless, it has become increasingly clear for musicologists that different versions of the son, i.e. [8], Although the history of Cuban music dates back to the 16th century, the son is a relatively recent musical invention whose precursors emerged in the mid-to-late 19th century. Most famous of these was Barry Rogers. Son cubano is a genre of music and dance that originated in the highlands of eastern Cuba during the late 19th century. [43] It's not uncommon now to hear the Puerto Rican declamatory exclamation "le-lo-lai" in salsa. Along with the final D4, the initial D4 on the [last offbeat] in the first measure of the module and the Eb4 on the [offbeat] immediately preceding the final note of the module are identical in both modules. Younger generations of Cubans prefer the faster, dance-oriented son-derivatives such as timba or salsa. The clave patterns originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions, where they serve the same function as they do in salsa. By the 1930s, many bands had incorporated a trumpet, becoming septetos, and in the 1940s a larger type of ensemble featuring congas and piano became the norm: the conjunto. Son cubano is a genre of music and dance that originated in the highlands of eastern Cuba during the late 19th century. The concept of salsa music which began as a marketing ploy created by Izzy Sanabria was successfully exploited by Fania Records, then eventually took on a life of its own, organically evolving into an authentic pan-Latin American cultural identity. The basic son ensemble of early 20th-century Havana consisted of guitar, tres, claves, bongos, marímbula or botija, and maracas. Myths and facts: Thomas, Susan. Morales dates the song to 1932. [89] Some of the young boogaloo artists, like Willie Colón, were able to transition into the next phase—salsa. The marketing of salsa romántica singers has often been based more on their youthful sex appeal than on the quality of their music. Argeliers, L. "Notes toward a Panorama of Popular and Folk Music. This is a classic example of how moñas are layered. All musicians who write and/or interpret Cuban-based music must be 'clave conscious,' not just the percussionists.[65]. Centro de Investigación de la Música Cubana 1997. Inspired by these movements, Latinos in New York formed the Young Lords, rejected assimilation and "made the barrio a cauldron of militant assertiveness and artistic creativity". The following example shows five different variants of a 2-3 trombone moña improvised by José Rodríguez on "Bilongo" (c. 1969), performed by Eddie Palmieri. [4] In eastern Cuba, the term began to be used to refer to the music of the highlands towards the late 19th century. This era of creativity and vitality is best represented by the Gonzalez brothers of Conjunto Libre (as the band was originally called). Founded by Dominican flautist and band-leader Johnny Pacheco and impresario Jerry Masucci, Fania was launched with Willie Colón and Héctor Lavoe's El Malo in 1967. The breakdown sections in En la calle have more in common with both the folkloric guaguancó of that time, and hip-hop, than with salsa. Cuba's momentary "salsa craze" brought back some of those older templates. Bongos are not typically used in charanga bands. The son grew more sophisticated as it was adopted by conjuntos, which displaced sextetos and septetos. ", The Centro de Investigación de la Música Cubana (CIDMUC) refers to son clave as, Kevin Moore: "In reality, as Peñalosa explains in great detail in. But in addition, throughout the 1970s, salsa groups from Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela, among other Latin American nations, emerged, composing and performing music that related to their own specific cultural experiences and affiliations, which posited salsa as a cultural identity marker for those nations as well.[29]. Where and How Did it Start? By the mid-1960s, a hybrid Nuyorican cultural identity emerged, primarily Puerto Rican but influenced by many Latin cultures as well as the close contact with African Americans. Charanga Habanera, Havana d'Primera, Klimax, Paulito FG, Pupy y Los Que Son, Salsa Mayor, and Tiempo Libre. One of their biggest hits, "Cali Pachanguero" (1984), was seemingly arranged oblivious to clave. Bobby Sanabria quoted by Peñalosa 2010 p. 248. "Structural Analysis or Cultural Analysis? In 1928, Rita Montaner's "El Manicero" became the first Cuban song to be a major hit in Paris and elsewhere in Europe. One revealing moment came during a performance in 1994, just after he had launched his salsa career. In 1997, the film and CD Buena Vista Social Club, produced by Ry Cooder, was a big hit in the United States. Tito Puente worked for a time in the Afro-Cubans before starting up his own successful band. Latin jazz (which was also developed in New York City) has had a significant influence on salsa arrangers, piano guajeos, and instrumental soloists. Salsa. Moña 1 sounds every stroke of 2-3 clave except the first stroke of the three-side. New York: Continuum Publishing, 2002. Clave is a Spanish word meaning 'code,' 'key,' as in key to a mystery or puzzle, or 'keystone,' the wedge-shaped stone in the center of an arch that ties the other stones together. The increase in popularity of the son unveiled the potential of music with Afro-Cuban rhythms. Their polished sound and "cosmopolitan" – read "commercial" – repertoire captivated both Cuban and foreign audiences. Among its fundamental Hispanic components are the vocal style, lyrical metre and the primacy of the tres, derived from the Spanish guitar.On the other hand, its characteristic clave rhythm, call and response structure … However, the messages transmitted can be, and often are, imbued with more meaning than simply, 'Let's all participate!' Leymarie, Isabelle. ", This page was last edited on 1 March 2021, at 19:37. One notable exception was Sonny Bravo of Típica '73, who arranged songs by contemporary Cuban charangas. The improvised variations of the bongos are executed within the context of a repetitive marcha, known as the martillo ('hammer'), and do not constitute a solo. Cuban timba musicians and New York salsa musicians have had positive and creative exchanges over the years, but the two genres remain somewhat separated, appealing to different audiences. 4. This process eventually resulted in the establishment of several different distinct regional genres, such as soukous.[110]. The 1980s saw salsa expand to Nicaragua, Argentina, Peru, Europe and Japan, and diversify into new stylistic interpretations. The bands Batacumbele and Zaperoko of Puerto Rico fully embraced songo. The late 1960s also saw white youth joining a counterculture heavily associated with political activism, while black youth formed radical organizations like the Black Panthers. We moms love our sons and daughters that way. "[31] Rubén Blades' definition of salsa is also inclusive: "Salsa music is urban folklore at the international level. This comment caused an uproar both in Puerto Rico and New York. Besides, the son became one of the main ingredients in the jam sessions known as descargas that flourished during the 1950s. Antonio "Tony" Moreno, Chino Rodriguez, Sergio George and Julio "Gunda" Merced are some of the most notable producers in the salsa romántica genre. By the end of the decade, Fania Records' longtime leadership of salsa was weakened by the arrival of the labels TH-Rodven and RMM. Most salsa is in two-three clave, and most salsa piano guajeos are based on the two-three onbeat/offbeat motif. When you're backing a soloist, you play a riff over and over again. The next moña layers are from the descarga "Guatacando" by the Fania All-Stars (1968). He was perhaps the greatest sonero ("Castellano que bueno baila usted", "Vertiente Camaguey"); another important sonero was Roberto Faz. Тоже and также very roughly correspond to English "too" and "as well".. Тоже is a thematic (topical) adverb, также is rhematic (commentary).. Тоже means that the comment on the topic of the previous sentence also applies to the topic of the new one (topic switch).. Также means that another comment also applies to the topic of the previous sentence (comment addition).. Chicago Review Press, Inc., 2004. The Panamanian-born singer Ruben Blades in particular is well known for his socially-conscious and incisive salsa lyrics about everything from imperialism to disarmament and environmentalism, which have resonated with audiences throughout Latin America. Salsa lost popularity among many Latino youth, who were drawn to American rock in large numbers, while the popularization of Dominican merengue further sapped the audience among Latinos in both New York and Puerto Rico. Washburne 2008, p. 40. [46] The three drums are used together in most salsa bands and function in ways similar to a traditional folkloric drum ensemble. Hutchinson says salsa music and dance "both originated with Cuban rhythms that were brought to New York and adopted, adapted, reformulated, and made new by the Puerto Ricans living there. The module begins with four ascending eighth-notes starting on the second [quarter-note of the measure]. The Ga's kinka, oge and kpanlogo use duple-pulse 'son clave.'" The city became a haven for the Mafia, gambling and prostitution in Cuba, and also became a second home for trendy and influential bands from New York City. In this way, only the two offbeats of tresillo are sounded. The re-working of the harmonic patterns reveals a striking difference in perception. An open, ever-evolving musical, cultural, socio-political concept. The following 2-3 bass line coincides with three of the clave's five strokes. Consequently, his promoted events were covered in The New York Times, as well as Time and Newsweek magazines. [34], Perhaps the most significant contribution of son is its influence on present day Latin music. Something changed after d'León's performance. The U.S. embargo against Cuba (1962) halted the two-way flow of music and musicians between Cuba and the United States. Piano guajeos are one of the most recognizable elements in salsa music. The counterpoint was completed by the first guitar, played by Matamoros. In addition, the acceptance of son as a popular music genre in other countries contributed to more acceptance of son in mainstream Cuba. On the other hand, its characteristic clave rhythm, call and response structure and percussion section (bongo, maracas, etc.) [104] Some viewed salsa romantica as a rhythmically watered-down version of the genre. "[79] With this type of guajeo motif, the three-side of clave is expressed with all offbeats. The music and the feelings and arrangements [haven't] changed. By the early 1950s, there were three very popular mambo big bands in New York: Machito and his Afro-Cubans, Tito Puente, and Tito Rodríguez. The 1980s was a time of diversification, as popular salsa evolved into sweet and smooth Puerto Rican salsa romantica, with lyrics dwelling on love and romance, and its more explicit cousin, salsa erotica. Es gibt verschiedene Arten (= Stile = Styles) wie Salsa getanzt werden kann. Ironically, although New York's Hispanic population at that time was over two million, there had been no commercial Hispanic FM. Salsa also occasionally incorporates elements of Latin jazz, bomba and plena. [7] All of these non-Cuban elements are grafted onto the basic Cuban son montuno template when performed within the context of salsa. After receiving the bad press, Anthony refrained from discussing the subject in public, and he did not attempt to play clave on stage until he had received some private lessons.[117]. [86] The mambo faded away, and a new generation came into their own with the boogaloo, the jala-jala and the shing-a-ling. [72], According to Bobby Sanabria, the 3-2, 2-3 concept and terminology was developed in New York City during the 1940s by Cuban-born Mario Bauzá, when he was music director of Machito's Afro-Cubans. According to Frankie Malabe, 'In a live performance ... you'll rarely get any bombas and plenas.'". ... Salsa New York Style wird … Leszno 46 06-300 Przasnysz Poland. During this same period, Tito Puente changed to performing and recording primarily Latin jazz for the remainder of his career.
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