[citation needed], During a 1934 meeting with Turkish President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Reza Shah spoke in Azeri Turkish, and Atatürk in Istanbul Turkish[63][64][65][66][67][68], In 1931, he refused to allow Imperial Airways to fly in Persian airspace, instead giving the concession to German-owned Lufthansa Airlines. Major Iranian cities (such as Tehran) were suffering repeated air raids. íránský šáh. [98] where the embalming was removed, and buried in a mausoleum built in his honor in the town of Ray, in the southern suburbs of the capital, Tehran. Gedurende die tijd vond de revolutie plaats in Iran die een einde maakte aan de heersende Pahlavi-dynastie. Op 12 december 1925 werd hij door het parlement (Majlis) tot Sjah-an-Sjah ('koning der koningen', keizer) verkozen. The couple married in 1922 but divorced in 1923 and together they had a son: Reza Shah's fourth and last wife, Queen Esmat Dowlatshahi (1905-1995), was a Princess of the Qajar dynasty. In February 1921, as leader of the entire Cossack Brigade based in Qazvin he marched towards Tehran and seized the capital. Reza Pahlavi (geboren als Reza Khan) (Alasht, Savadkuh, Perzië, 16 maart 1878 – Johannesburg, Zuid-Afrika, 26 juli 1944), vaak Reza Shah genoemd, was de stichter van de Pahlavi-dynastie en sjah van Iran (Perzië) van 1925 tot 1941. The standoff was ended when troops from Iranian Azerbaijan arrived and broke into the shrine,[59] killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between Shi'ite clergy and the Shah. The interior minister then passed the same names onto the provincial governor-general. Relations with the Soviet Union had already deteriorated because of that country's commercial policies, which in the 1920s and 1930s adversely affected Iran. Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran and his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi on a visit to the ancient ruins at Persepolis in March 1961 . https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reza_Pahlavi_(1878-1944)&oldid=57991630, Wikipedia:Lokale afbeelding gelijk aan Wikidata, Wikipedia:Commonscat met lokaal zelfde link als op Wikidata, Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen. "2. Under … He worked to balance British influence with other foreigners and generally to diminish foreign influence in Iran. claimed that this act brought cultural damage to the country and separated Iran from its past in the West (see Iran naming dispute). Getty Images biedt exclusieve rights ready en premium royalty-free analoge, HD en 4K-video van de hoogste kwaliteit. In 1925, Reza Pahlavi was appointed as the legal monarch of Iran by decision of Iran's constituent assembly. Ontdek professionele Reza Shah video's en stockbeelden beschikbaar voor licentiëring voor film, televisie, reclame en bedrijfsgebruik. Faced with total collapse, the royal family (except the Shah and the Crown Prince) fled to Isfahan. Uit zijn huwelijk met Tadj ol-Molouk (1896-1982), werd in 1919 een zoon geboren, de latere sjah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. [21] As Soviets interpreted the treaty, they could invade if events in Persia should prove threatening to Soviet national security. Reza Shah was forced by the invading British to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi who replaced his father as Shah on the throne on 16 September 1941. Reza Shah introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign, ultimately laying the foundation of the modern Iranian state. The preservation and promotion of the country's historic heritage, the provision of public education, construction of a national railway, abolition of capitulation agreements, and the establishment of a national bank had all been advocated by intellectuals since the tumult of the constitutional revolution. "[93][94], Clarmont Skrine, a British civil servant who accompanied Reza Shah on his 1941 journey to Mauritius, writes in his book, World War In Iran: "Reza Shah Pahlavi, posthumously entitled 'The Great' in the annals of his country was indeed, if not the greatest, at any rate one of the strongest and ablest men Iran has produced in all the two and a half milleniums of her history".[95]. By 28–29 August, the Iranian military situation was in complete chaos. [33] Three days later, on 15 December, he took his imperial oath and thus became the first shah of the Pahlavi dynasty. Like his son after him, his life in exile was short. Supporters held that the veil impeded physical exercise and the ability of women to enter society and contribute to the progress of the nation. Als je hen wilt bereiken dan kun je het aanbieden in je shop. It was, however, attributed more to the Iranian people than others, particularly the language. In 1923 trouwde Reza Khan voor de derde keer, nu met Qamar ul-Mulk. [37], During Reza Shah's sixteen years of rule, major developments, such as large road construction projects and the Trans-Iranian Railway were built, modern education was introduced and the University of Tehran, the first Iranian university, was established. By 1915 he was promoted to the rank of Colonel. The tribes bore the brunt of the new order. We have a high opinion of him and will ensure his position. In his campaign against foreign influence, he annulled the 19th-century capitulations to Europeans in 1928. The tribes bore the brunt of the new order. The marriage lasted until Maryam's death in 1904, the couple had a daughter: Reza Shah's second wife was Nimtaj Khanoum, later Queen Tadj ol-Molouk (1896-1982). [citation needed] Reza was 25 years old then. Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch in 1400 years who paid respect to the Jews by praying in the synagogue when visiting the Jewish community of Isfahan; an act that boosted the self-esteem of the Iranian Jews and made Reza Shah their second most respected Iranian leader after Cyrus the Great. Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 10 jan 2021 om 09:09. The British took the dispute before the League of Nations. Reza nam tevens de titel Janab-i-Ashraf (doorluchtige hoogheid) aan. Reza Shah Pahlavi 1938 silver coin.JPG 1,140 × 1,113; 182 KB Reza Shah Pahlavi as Minister of War by Antoin Sevruguin.jpg 1,600 × 2,091; 1.67 MB Reza Shah Pahlavi Offical Portrait - Colorized-1.jpg 1,969 × 2,461; 1.95 MB Reza Shah Pahlavi, Iranian army officer who became the shah of Iran in 1925. Reza Pahlavi (geboren als Reza Khan) (Alasht, Savadkuh, Perzië, 16 maart 1878 – Johannesburg, Zuid-Afrika, 26 juli 1944), vaak Reza Shah genoemd, was de stichter van de Pahlavi-dynastie en sjah van Iran (Perzië) van 1925 tot 1941. [82], The collapse of the army that Reza Shah had spent so much time and effort creating was humiliating. [116][117] The reason as to why Reza Shah clamped down on certain clergymen because they hindered back the progress of Iran. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty that lasted until overthrown in 1979 during the Iranian Revolution. Reza Shah stalled on the last demand, choosing instead to secretly evacuate German nationals from the country. In his lifetime Reza Shah was married four times, first to Maryam Khanum (d.1904) with whom he had Hamdam Saltaneh (1903-1992); second to Nimtaj who was titled Taj ol-Moluk (1896-1982) with whom he had Princess Shams (1917-96), Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1919 … Reza Schah Pahlavi (persisch رضا شاه پهلوی, DMG Reżā Šāh-e Pahlawī [rezɔːˈʃɔːh-e pæɦlæˈviː]), bis 5.Dezember 1925 Reza Chan, auch Reza Khan (persisch رضا خان [reˈzɔː xɔːn]), (geboren am 15. He quickly established a political cabinet in Tehran to help organize his plans for modernization and reform. 1 2 3 . Muhammad Reza Pahlavi (1961) Mission for my Country, London, page 41; Prior to his seizure of power, Persia's stocks of firearms were unstandardized and unreliable The Bolsheviks condemned the aggressive foreign policy of Imperial Russia, promised never to interfere in Persia's internal affairs, but reserved the right to occupy it temporarily in the event another power used Persia for an attack on Soviet Russia. On his abdication Reza Shah "left to his heir a bank account of some three million pounds sterling and estates totaling over 3 million acres. In 1911 he was promoted to First Lieutenant, by 1912 he was elevated to the rank of Captain and by 1915 he became a Colonel. Two years after the 1921 Persian coup d'état, led by Zia ol Din Tabatabaee, Reza Pahlavi became Iran's prime minister. Ontdek de perfecte stockfoto's over Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi en redactionele nieuwsbeelden van Getty Images Kies uit premium Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi van de hoogste kwaliteit. Reza Pahlavi is the oldest son of Iranian Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his wife Farah Diba. The new modern and expanded state bureaucracy of Iran was another source of support. In 1932 the Shah offended Britain by canceling the agreement under which the Anglo-Persian Oil Company produced and exported Iran's oil. In 1904 werkte hij als kozak en als bediende voor de Nederlandse consul Frits Knobel, die als consul-generaal in Teheran diende van 1889-1895 en van 1902-1904. His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persia… [42], He forbade photographing aspects of Iran he considered backwards such as camels, and he banned clerical dress and chadors in favor of Western dress. [61], The Shah intensified his controversial changes following the incident, banning the chador and ordering all citizens – rich and poor – to bring their wives to public functions without head coverings.[62]. [48] Although (internally) the country had been referred to as Iran throughout much of its history since the Sasanian Empire, many countries including the English-speaking world knew the country as Persia, a legacy of the Greeks who referred to the entire country after the province of Pars. [39] The number of modern industrial plants increased 17-fold under Reza Shah (excluding oil installations), and the number of miles of highway increased from 2,000 to 14,000.[40]. [79], Although the landed upper class lost its influence during his reign, his new regime aroused opposition not from the gentry but mainly from Iranian "tribes, the clergy, and the young generation of the new intelligentsia. [79] He confiscated land from the Qajars and from his rivals and into his own estates. [78] The bureaucracy fell apart, since officials preferred sycophancy, when anyone could be whisked away to prison for even the whiff of disobeying his whims. [21] This erroneous calculation by Zia ol Din Tabatabaee backfired and instead it was apparent to people who observed Reza Khan, including members of parliament, that he (and not Zia ol Din Tabatabaee) was the one who wielded power. This was based upon his experience with Anglo-Persian, which was owned and operated by the British government. In late 1920, the Soviets in Rasht prepared to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500 Jangalis, Kurds, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis", reinforced by the Soviet Red Army. Parliament ceased to be a meaningful institution, and instead became a decorative garb covering the nakedness of military rule. His personal doctor had boosted the King's morale in exile by telling him that he was suffering from chronic indigestion and not heart ailment. Nationalizing Iranian forests and jungles. [97] However, in a recent documentary "From Tehran to Cairo," his daughter-in-law, Empress Farah claimed that the remains of the late Reza Shah remain in the town of Ray. This treaty would cause enormous tension between the two nations until the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran. [36], Reza Shah's reign has been said to have consisted of "two distinct periods". De zoekers worden dan automatisch via e-mail gewezen op jouw aanbod (tenzij ze dat actief hebben uitgezet). Reza Shah abdicated and the British forces quickly took him and his children to Mauritius,[96] then to Durban, thence Johannesburg, South Africa, where according to his British captors, he died on 26 July 1944 of a heart ailment about which he had been complaining for many years. In 1959, the government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably. [84], The British left the Shah a face-saving way out:[87]. This included the destruction of Reza Shah's mausoleum, but they were unable to find his dead body. Tehran, 21st December 1959. "[81], In August 1941, the Allied powers the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied neutral Iran by a massive air, land, and naval assault without a declaration of war. [116], Following the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty and becoming the Shahanshah of Iran, he commanded all offices of Iran to address him with his surname and title, "Reza Shah Pahlavi". He knew that the system of the constitutional monarchy in Iran after him had to stand on a solid basis of the collective participation of all Iranians, and that it was indispensable to create educational centers all over Iran. His proficiency in handling machine guns elevated him to the rank equivalent to Captain in 1912. [92] When he accepted the unpleasant responsibility of acting as defense attorney for a group of officers accused of torturing political prisoners, he stated; "Our young intellectuals cannot possibly understand and cannot judge the reign of Reza Shah. Upon his return to the capital he was appointed Prime Minister, which prompted Ahmad Shah to leave Iran for Europe, where he would remain (at first voluntarily, and later in exile) until his death. [43], Parliamentary elections during the Shah's reign were not democratic. [97] In May 1950, the remains were flown back to Iran. The death of Kemal Atatürk and the start of the Second World War left these projects unfinished. Reza Shah abdicated in favor his son who succeeded to the throne as Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi on September 16, 1941. Reza Shah's reforms opened new occupations to Jews and allowed them to leave the ghetto. A sketch of his life is in his son's Mission for My Country (1961). She married Reza Shah in 1923 and accompanied him to his exile. [32], The Majlis, convening as a constituent assembly, declared him the Shah (King) of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the Persian Constitution of 1906. The Shah is discussed in Peter Avery, Modern Iran (1965; 2d ed. Dit item staat op de zoeklijst van 1 verzamelaar. [97] He was sixty-six years old at the time of his death. Hij volgde een militaire opleiding en kwam in dienst van de door de Russen opgerichte Perzische Kozakkenbrigade. [citation needed], The coup d'état of 1921 was partially assisted by the British government, which wished to halt the Bolsheviks' penetration of Iran, particularly because of the threat it posed to the British possessions in India. [58] In 1935, a backlash erupted in the Mashed shrine. He reigned from December 15, 1925 to September 16, 1941. Het was niet de enige uiting van antiquarisme tijdens zijn regering. This move met opposition from the Mullahs from the religious establishment. Persian is the name of one of the ethnic groups of Iran, Persia (locally known as Pars) is the name of one of Iran's significant cultural provinces and the Persian language. Interviews . Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran in 1971. In 1941 he was forced to abdicate in favour of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. To supply the Soviet forces with war material through Iran, the two allies jointly invaded and occupied the country in August 1941.[75]. Reza Shah further refused the Allies' requests to expel German nationals residing in Iran, and denied the use of the railway to the Allies. His rule oversaw the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry under the prime ministership of Mohammad Mosaddeq. Dit item staat op de zoeklijst van 2 verzamelaars. The central "pillar" was the military, where the shah had begun his career. Some of these significant changes, achievements, concepts and laws included: Reza Shah married, for the first time, Maryam Savadkoohi, who was his cousin, in 1894. All the worthwhile efforts of Reza Shah's reign were either completed or conceived in the 1925–1938 period, a period during which he required the assistance of reformists to gain the requisite legitimacy to consolidate this modern reign. Reza Sjah werd naar Mauritius verbannen (later naar Johannesburg, Zuid-Afrika) omdat hij in de Tweede Wereldoorlog de zijde van nazi-Duitsland had gekozen. [27] Among the greatest threats to the new administration were the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic, which had been established in Gilan, and the Kurds of Khorasan. The couple had five children: Reza Shah was described as being a humble man, wearing a simple Russian Cossack army uniform (shunning the lavish Qajar style luxury), believing himself to be a service man of the country rather than a supreme monarch. [86], In response to the Shah's defiance, the Red Army on 16 September moved to occupy Tehran. "[45], Reza Shah discredited and eliminated a number of his ministers. [114] Reza Shah was, at times, mistakenly identified as being a person who was irreligious or even a supposed atheist, mainly because of his crack down on certain members of the Shi'a clergy in Iran. For fine discussions of this period and Ironside's key role, see R. H. Ullman. Iran's Reza Pahlavi: A Puppet of the US and Israel? But His Highness should not think there is any other solution. Juli 1944 in Johannesburg, Südafrika) war von 1925 bis 1941 Schah von Iran. Abbas-Ali died suddenly on 26 November 1878, when Reza was barely 8 months old. [1] Aangezien prins Hamid vanaf zijn zesde jaar in Engeland had gewoond en nauwelijks Perzisch sprak liet het Verenigd Koninkrijk dit idee varen en koos uiteindelijk toch voor de zoon van Reza Sjah, kroonprins Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Riza Shah's Political Legitimacy and Social Base, 1921–1941" in Cronin, Stephanie: Katouzian, Homa (2004). The army generals met in secret to discuss surrender options. He could analyze the strengths and weaknesses of men instantly, constantly planning where an individual may make the best out of a situation. The minister of finance, Prince Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III, who played an important role in the first three years of his reign, was convicted on similar charges in May 1930, and also died in prison, in January 1938. In contrast, the Shah's regime did not develop what critics believe was an economically justifiable east-west railway system. – Kairó, 1980. július 27.) He was removed as the minister of court in 1932 and died under suspicious circumstances while in prison in September 1933. His defenders assert that he was an essential modernizing force for Iran (whose international prominence had sharply declined during Qajar rule), while his detractors assert that his reign was often despotic, with his failure to modernize Iran's large peasant population eventually sowing the seeds for the Iranian Revolution nearly four decades later, which ended 2,500 years of Persian monarchy. [49] While Persians are only one of several ethnic groups in Iran, their home province Pars was a center of political power in ancient times under the Achaemenid Empire and Sasanian Empire as well as other Iranian dynasties, hence the somewhat misleading usage of the name Persia (in other countries) up to 1935 when referring to Iran as a whole. März 1878 in Ālāscht/Savādkuh, Māzandarān, Iran; gestorben am 26. [11][12] His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire),[13][14] whose family had emigrated to Qajar Iran when it was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth. Hij raakte geïnspireerd door president Atatürk van Turkije en koning Amanoellah Khan van Afghanistan. Reza Sjah regeerde als een absoluut vorst. Tabataba'i werd minister-president, terwijl Reza Khan minister van Defensie, veldmaarschalk en opperbevelhebber werd. Rezā Shāh Pahlavi (March 16, 1878 – July 26, 1944) was the Shah of the Imperial State of Iran from 1925 to 1941.. Reza Pahlavi (Teheran, 31 oktober 1960), ook Reza Pahlavi II genoemd, is de voormalige kroonprins van Iran en de zoon van de laatste sjah van Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.. Op 17-jarige leeftijd verliet hij Iran om op luchtmachttraining te gaan. By 18 September, most of the German nationals had escaped via the Turkish border. He forced the dissolution of the government and installed Zia al-Din Tabatabaie as the new Prime Minister. Reza Shah's coronation took place much later, on 25 April 1926. The concession granted Persia 16% of the net profits from APOC oil operations. Katouzian, Homa (2003).
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