: [25], The Serbian Army withdrew through the gorges of Montenegro and northern Albania to the Greek island of Corfu, where it was reorganized. Alexander I (Serbian: Александар I Карађорђевић, romanized: Aleksandar I Karađorđević, pronounced [aleksǎːndar př̩ʋiː karad͡ʑǒːrd͡ʑeʋit͡ɕ])[1] (16 December 1888 [O.S. : Alexander died in the car, slumped backwards in the seat, with his eyes open. [35] Seton-Watson described Alexander as having an "autocratic" personality, a man who was first and foremost a soldier who spent "six of his formative years" in the Serbian Army, which left him with a "military outlook which unfitted him to deal with the delicate problems of constitutional government and which made compromise hard for him". [63] Mussolini had come to believe that it was only the personality of Alexander that was holding Yugoslavia together and if the King were assassinated, then Yugoslavia would descend into civil war, thus allowing Italy to annex certain regions of Yugoslavia without the fear of France. Alterung, technischer Fortschritt und teure Reformen treiben die Kosten im Gesundheitswesen in die Höhe. [71] IMRO worked in alliance with the Croatian Ustaše group led by Ante Pavelić. [78] When Yugoslavia made an extradition request to Italy for Pavelić on charges of regicide, the Quai d'Orsay expressed concern that if Pavelić were extradited, he might incriminate Mussolini and were greatly reassured when their counterparts at the Palazzo Chigi stated there was no possibility of Pavelić being extradited. [53] By 1931, the Ustashe was waging a terrorist campaign of bombings, assassinations and sabotage, which in least in part explained Alexander's reluctance to engage with ordinary people as he done in the past out of the fear of assassination. [57] The often violent response of the mainly Serb gendarmes to Ustashe terrorism fuelled more support for the Ustashe. [26] The losses taken by Serb civilians during the autumn campaign in 1915 together with the retreat to the sea have never been calculated, but are estimated to be massive. Jasper von Altenbockum. [64], As a result of the previous deaths of three family members on Tuesdays, Alexander refused to undertake any public functions on that day of the week. Alexander I. Karađorđević (serbisch Александар I Карађорђевић Aleksandar I Karađorđević; genannt Ujedinitelj („Der Vereiniger“); * 4. [43] The origins of the Italo-Yugoslav dispute concerned the Italian contention that they had been "cheated" out of what they had been promised in the secret Treaty of London in 1915 at the Paris peace conference in 1919. Rote Armee Fraktion, Das Konzept Stadtguerilla. aus dem Haus Karađorđević und dessen Ehefrau Prinzessin Alexandra von Griechenland, Tochter des griechischen Königs Alexandros I. aus dem Haus Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, geboren.Die Taufe fand in der Westminster Abbey statt, und als Taufpaten fungierten König Georg VI. in Cetinje, Fürstentum Montenegro; † 9. [69][72] Chernozemski and three Croatian accomplices had traveled to France from Hungary via Switzerland. [45] In fact, Alexander I and Benito Mussolini were archrivals. [11] Both Bulgaria and Serbia had rival claims to the Ottoman region of Macedonia, and the talks with Ferdinand were difficult. He had a strong fixity of purpose, great devotion to duty, powers of sustained work. As the Serbs braved the icy winds and snowdrifts, the only consolation for Alexander was that the winter weather was also delaying the German, Austrian and Bulgarian armies under the command of von Mackensen that were pursuing his army. Bitte versuchen Sie es erneut. [69] A prominent diplomat with the Palazzo Chigi, Baron Pompeo Aloisi, expressed fears that the Ustashi based in Italy had killed the King, and sought reassurances from another diplomat, Paolo Cortese, that Italy had not been involved. [56] On 7 November 1932, Trumbić and Vladko Maček of the Croat Peasant Party issued the so-called Zagreb Points, which demanded a new constitution which would turn Yugoslavia into a federation, stating that otherwise the Croats would demand independence. [47] Alexander tried to promote a sense of Yugoslav identity by always taking his vacations in Slovenia, naming his second son after a Croat king, and being a godfather to a Bosnian Muslim child. Jugoslawien setzte sich aus sechs Teilrepubliken zusammen - Serbien, Kroatien, Bosnien-Herzegowina, Mazedonien, Slowenien und Montenegro. In September 1934, Alexander visited Sofia to improve relations with Bulgaria. A Mauser C96 semi-automatic pistol with a 10-round magazine is shown as the assassination weapon, while the actual one had a 20-round magazine. [25] Field Marshal Radomir Putnik persuaded Crown Prince Alexander and King Peter that it was better to keep the Serb Army intact to one day liberate Serbia rather to stand and fight in Kosovo as many Serb officers wanted. [46] In response to obstructionism from the opposition parties, in June 1928, one frustrated deputy from Montenegro took out his handgun and shot Radić on the floor of the skupština. Alexander spent his childhood in Montenegro; however, in 1894 his widower father took the four children, including Alexander, to Geneva where the young man completed his elementary education. [29] In a sign of the trouble to come, Trumbić demanded to have the right to speak for the South Slavs living under Austrian rule, a demand that Alexander rejected under the grounds that the Serb government represented the South Slavs. [53] The Great Depression was especially severe in predominantly rural Yugoslavia as it caused deflation leading to a collapse in price of agricultural products. : Despite enjoying support from the Russian Empire, at the time of Alexander's birth and early childhood, the House of Karađorđević was in political exile, with different family members scattered all over Europe, unable to return to Serbia, which had recently been transformed from a principality into a kingdom under the Obrenovićs, who ruled with strong support from Austria-Hungary. Since we cannot, it would be better to separate. They had three sons: Crown Prince Peter, and Princes Tomislav and Andrej. He was accessible and very open to opinions-though he rarely acted on them, and though occasionally he reacted with positive violence, as in the case of the Slovene Zerjav who fainted in his presence. Jan Wagner: „sarajewo“, Balkan-Memoiren [47], In response to the political crisis triggered by the assassination of Stjepan Radić, King Alexander abolished the Constitution on 6 January 1929, prorogued the Parliament and introduced a personal dictatorship (the so-called "January 6th Dictatorship", Šestojanuarska diktatura). Sechs Essays sind auf FAZ.NET zu lesen. [55] The losses taken by the banks and their inability to foreclose on farmers who had delinquent loans made the banks unwilling to make new loans to the farmers. So zieht der 1960 geborene kosovarische Autor Xhevdet Bajraj, der seit langem im mexikanischen Exil lebt, wo ihn aber, wie er schreibt, noch immer „der Krieg verfolgt“, eine Parallele von jenen Jahren bis in unsere Zeit: „Die einstige serbische Politik hielt in der Hand den Schlüssel zu einer Tür, die nicht existierte. [42], In foreign policy, Alexander favored maintaining the international system created in 1918–19, and in 1921 Yugoslavia joined the Little Entente with Czechoslovakia and Romania to guard against Hungary. [26] Many Serbs died along the way as one Serb soldier wrote in his diary how the refugees rested by the side of the road were: "Immobilized by the snow their heads rest to their breasts. [12], In the First Balkan War in 1912, as commander of the First Army, Crown Prince Alexander fought victorious battles in Kumanovo and Bitola. The historian Brigit Farley described Alexander as something of a cipher to historians as he was a taciturn and reserved man who loathed to express his feelings either in person or in writing. [23], At the outbreak of World War I he was the nominal supreme commander of the Serbian army; true command was in the hands of the Chief of Staff of Supreme Headquarters, a position held by Stepa Stepanović (during the mobilisation), Radomir Putnik (1914–1915), Petar Bojović (1916–1917) and Živojin Mišić (1918). [29] Not willing to antagonise Wilson, Alexander favored a "greater Serbia" that saw the Serbs annex certain provinces of the Austrian Empire. / 16. Neu wirft dem Westen vor, keine Überlegungen anzustellen, wie man sich mit China oder Russland auf Augenhöhe verständigen könnte. WM-Qualifikation (Europa), 2000/2001, Relegation Samstag, 10. [63] Alexander was skeptical of Barthou's plan, noting that there were hundreds of Ustašhi being sheltered in Italy and it was rumoured that Mussolini had financed an unsuccessful attempt by the Ustaše to assassinate him in December 1933. [citation needed] Prince Alexander donated a large sum of money to the Black Hand-oriented journal Pijemont (Piedmont)[10] (founded in August 1911). This was considered to be the birth of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. When she replied "Bulgarian!" Der Linken-Politiker Alexander Neu kommentierte gegenüber RT DE die Rede von NATO-Generalsekretär Stoltenberg auf einer Pressekonferenz in Brüssel. In March 1933, the French minister in Belgrade, Paul-Émile Naggiar, told Alexander that France was seriously worried about the stability of Yugoslavia, warning that the King could not continue to rule in face of opposition from the majority of his subjects, and that the viewpoint from Paris was that Alexander was starting to become a liability for France. Three identical gunshot sounds were added to the film afterwards, when in reality Chernozemski fired his handgun over ten times, killing or wounding a total of 15 people. Grüner Paukenschlag, Liveblog zu den Landtagswahlen [64] However, France was Yugoslavia's closest ally and Barthou invited Alexander for a visit to France to sign a Franco-Yugoslav agreement that would allow Barthou to, in his words, "go to Rome with the certainty of success". After a huge funeral in Belgrade attended by about 500,000 people and many leading European statesmen, Alexander was interred in the Oplenac Church in Topola, which had been built by his father. [54], In 1931, Alexander decreed a new Constitution which transferred executive power to the King. Das Schlimme ist, dass er wieder zwei bis drei Völker auf diesen Weg mitzunehmen versucht.“, Wahl in Baden-Württemberg [11] In March 1912 Serbia and Bulgaria signed an defensive alliance that was later (May 1912) joined by Greece. [8] In the aftermath of the First Balkan War, disputes emerged among the victors over control of Macedonia, and Serbia and Greece signed an alliance against Bulgaria. Nobody believes anything anymore! In 1920 and 1921, Serbian authorities searched for the girl's father, Danail Zoichev, and offered him money to renounce the event as fictional, but he refused.[14][15][16][17]. [46] The charismatic Radić, the "uncrowned king of Croatia", had inspired intense devotion in Croatia and his assassination was seen as a sort of Serb declaration of war. [citation needed] Alongside his older brother George, he continued his schooling at the imperial Page Corps in St Petersburg, Russian Empire. Herkunft. Fünfzehn Essays, entstanden unter dem gemeinsamen Titel „Archipel Jugoslawien“ auf Einladung von „Common Ground – Literatur aus Südosteuropa“, der Schwerpunktregion der Leipziger Buchmesse 2020-2022, für das Themenjahr „Archipel Jugoslawien. [43], In 1921 a war veteran and communist Spasoje Stejić Baćo attempted to assassinate king Alexander by throwing a bomb at his carriage. VorDenker (Corporate) Digital Responsibility, neudenken – Magazin für Innovation & Zukunftsfähigkeit, Einfach Elektrisch – wie wir leben, arbeiten und uns fortbewegen, Cvijetićs Text mit dem Untertitel „Drohnenflug, poetischer Essay“, Sechs dieser Essays finden sich von diesem Samstag an in deutscher Übersetzung auf FAZ.NET, Ein Kommentar von Also, the Little Entente and the Balkan Pact lost their importance. [33] In Croatia, Slovenia, and the Vojvodina, the majority of the landlords who lost their land were Austrian or Hungarian nobility who usually did not reside in those places, meaning that however much they might have resented the loss of their land it did not have the sort of political repercussions it did in Macedonia and in Bosnia where the Albanian and Bosnian Muslim landlords lived.
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